In the article, "power" seems to be referring mostly to the muzzle velocity of different rounds. The actual difference between "standard" rounds, +P rounds, and magnum rounds is measured by the peak chamber pressures when fired. Of course, at least in a general sense, greater chamber pressures translate to higher muzzle velocities.
I do have to agree with the author in that I'm a bit surprised, from time to time, by people who worry about damaging their modern, high-quality firearms if they use +P ammunition. I have owned Colt, Ruger, and S&W revolvers in the past, and never had the slightest worry about using +P ammo in any of them.
With semi-autos, of course, there is the issue of feeding. I once owned a Browning Hi-Power that would fail to feed now and then with +P, but fed standard ammo without fail. So there's that.