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The term hydrostatic shock describes the theory that a penetrating projectile produces remote wounding and incapacitating effects in living targets, in addition to local effects in tissue caused by direct impact, through a hydraulic effect in liquid filled tissues. There is scientific evidence that “hydrostatic shock" can produce remote neural damage and produce incapacitation more quickly than blood loss effects. The debate between proponents of bullets that are "light and fast" versus bullets that are "slow and heavy" often refers to this phenomenon.

Question is, it is just a theory or does it really exist? I partook in a discussion years ago on a hunting forum. Should have seen the fireworks there.

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Hmmmm, there is no doubt in my mind that hydrostatic shock does exist but I'm not sure how much effect it causes.

I'm sure it exists because I once watched a guy hunting with me when we found a herd of elk containing two bulls early one morning. It had been raining all night so the elk were soaking wet. This guy began banging at one of the bulls with a 30-06 and I watched him hit the bull with 4 rounds. What looked like a puff of smoke flew from the elk at the spot where each round hit. I knew this was water flying off the elk.

The other bull crossed the canyon and stopped on the far ridge. I was guessing the range was 400 yards as I put myself prone with my 338 Winchester mag. The rifle was zeroed at 200 yards so I held for about 10 inches of daylight above the withers. When I cranked off the round, it looked as though smoke flew off the elk from all over his body, tip of nose to tip of tail. The elk was still standing there looking at us. As I stood up, the other guy was yelling, "Shoot again, he's still standing!"

I replied, "No, that bull is dead. He just doesn't know it yet. The only way to make water vapor fly off his entire body like that is to put a round through his engine room." The bull walked about 20 feet and collapsed. Sure convinced me that a shock wave traveled over his whole body. Examination of the dead elk confirmed that the 338 mag round had indeed passed right through the engine room.

Did I get way off topic trying to say why I believe in hydrostatic shock?

Jim
 

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From the U.S. Dept of Justice,
Federal Bureau of Investigation,
Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness,
FBI Firearms Training Unit, for law enforcement dissemination only, findings in their report dated July 14, 1989:


From the Mechanics of projectile wounding chapter:

"Temporary cavity is frequently and grossly over rated as a wounding factor when analyzing wounds.[ pertaining to all pistol calibers ]

Frequently, forensic pathologists cannot distinguish the would track caused by a hollow point bullet [ large temporary cavity ] form that caused by a solif bullet [ very small cavity ]. There may be no physical difference in the wounds. If there is not fragmentation, remote damage due to temporary cavitation may be minor even with high velocity rifle projectiles. Even those who have espoused the significance of temporary cavity agree that it is not a factor in handgun wounds.

In the case of low-velocity missle's, e.g pistol bullets, the bullet produces a direct path of destruction with very little lateral extension within the surrounding tissues. Only a small temporary cavity is produced. To cause significant injuries to structure, the pistol bullet must strike that structure directly. The amount of kinetic energy lost in tissue by a pistol bullet is insufficient to cause remote injuries produced by a high velocity rifle bullet.

The reason is that most tissue in the human body is elastic in nature. Muscle, blood vessels, lung, bowels, all are capable of substantial stretching with minimal damage. Studies have shown that the outward velocity of the tissues in which the temporary cavity forms is not more than one tenth of the velocity of the projectile. This is well within the elasticity limits of tissue such as muscle, blood vessels and lungs. Only elastic tissue like liver, or the extremely fragile tissue of the brain, would show significant damage due to temporary cavitation.

The tissue disruption caused by a handgun bullet is limited to two mechanisms. The first, or crush mechanism is the hole the bullet takes passing through the tissue. The second, or stretch mechanism is the temporary cavity formed by the tissues being driven outward in a radial direction away from the path of the bullet. Of the two, the crush mechanism, the result of penetration and permanent cavity, in the ONLY handgun wounding mechanism which damages tissue. To cause significant injuries to a structure within the body using a handgun, the bullet must penetrate the structure. Temporary cavity has not reliable wounding effect in elastic body tissue. Temporary cavitation is nothing more than a stretch of the tissues, generally no larger than 10 times the bullet diameter [ in handgun bullets ], and elastic tissues sustain little, if any, residual damage".

_______________________________________________________________

There you have it, verbatim from an extensive study by the feds, Hydostatic shock is not a factor in the wounding mechanism of handgun bullets.

Brownie
 

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Thanks Brownie. Is there any report/summary you have handy that addresses high velocity rifle rounds?
Of course Ron :rolf

From the same report:

"Fragmentation occurs reliably in high velocity projectile wounds [ impact velocity in excess of 2000 feet per second ] inflicted by soft or hollow point bullets. In such a case, permanent cavity is stretched so far, so fast, that tearing and rupturing can occurr in tissues surrounding the wound channel which were weakened by fragmentation damage. It can significantly increase damage in rifle bullet wounds."

Brownie
 

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You can find a wealth of information on terminal ballistics here:

http://www.firearmstactical.com

If you want to dig even deeper, the book "Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, SECOND EDITION" by Vincent J.M. DiMaio M.D. is a bit graphic, but will give you all of the answers ( http://www.amazon.com/Gunshot-Wound...=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1238848981&sr=8-2 )

It is an easy enough read for the layman, a bit expensive, but answers just about any question you could think of.
 

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I've seen my fair share of GSW. One of the most interesting was a BG who took a 12Ga slug to the right thigh..... He fell down DRT. I was to him within 30 seconds, and no vital signs. Normally you would expect a exsanguination death from such a wound location, but this guy didn't bleed out.... he didn't bleed much at all. Was it hydrostatic shock??? I dunno, but he did die real fast!
 

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Thanks for posting that, brownie.

I don't think in terms of hydrostatic shock, but temporary and permanent would cavities. It is possible, if the round is powerful enough, that the temporary cavity may effectively blow a limb or large section of tissue off, in which case the permanent wound cavity is more...er...permanent.

-JT
 

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I am not sure how important it is in handgun at their velocities. However, having hunted for many many years the high velocity obviously causes additional damage. All you have to do is look at the amount of blood shot tissue to see that. Deer are especially easy to kill with high velocity bullets. Some other animals are not affected as much.

Regards,
Jerry
 

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I would say not trying to resurrect an old thread but I am sooo...

Ever since I stumbled upon the Glock 33, chambered in the .357 SIG, I keep coming across this "hydrostatic shock" thing. My question is, the report that Brownie posted is almost 22 years old; do we have more current data now?

Wikipedia states this:

Human autopsy results have demonstrated brain hemorrhaging from fatal hits to the chest, including cases with handgun bullets.[4] Thirty-three cases of fatal penetrating chest wounds by a single bullet were selected from a much larger set by excluding all other traumatic factors, including past history.

4. Krajsa, J. Příčiny vzniku perikapilárních hemoragií v mozku při střelných poraněních (Causes of pericapillar brain haemorrhages accompanying gunshot wounds), Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, 2009.

=======================================================

In such meticulously selected cases brain tissue was examined histologically; samples were taken from brain hemispheres, basal ganglia, the pons, the oblongate and from the cerebellum. Cufflike pattern haemorrhages around small brain vessels were found in all specimens. These haemorrhages are caused by sudden changes of the intravascular blood pressure as a result of a compression of intrathoracic great vessels by a shock wave caused by a penetrating bullet. – J. Krajsa[5]

5. Summary, Příčiny vzniku perikapilárních hemoragií v mozku při střelných poraněních (Causes of pericapillar brain haemorrhages accompanying gunshot wounds), Krajsa, J., Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, 2009.
This was in 2009, 20 years after the FBI report.

The article further goes on to mention that police departments realize hydrostatic shock is important and they factor that in when choosing ammo.

Jim Carmichael was the shooting editor of Outdoor life magazine for 25 years and he says that hydrostatic shock is important for a more immediate disabling effect.

There is still some opposition but it looks like the recent research is leaning more towards it being a good factor. The article isn't all that long.

Comments?

In addition, without having to start another thread and because it sort of fits here, what do you think about the .357 SIG cartridge? I know it's expensive but other than that?
 

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I would say not trying to resurrect an old thread but I am sooo...

Ever since I stumbled upon the Glock 33, chambered in the .357 SIG, I keep coming across this "hydrostatic shock" thing. My question is, the report that Brownie posted is almost 22 years old; do we have more current data now?

Wikipedia states this:



This was in 2009, 20 years after the FBI report.

The article further goes on to mention that police departments realize hydrostatic shock is important and they factor that in when choosing ammo.

Jim Carmichael was the shooting editor of Outdoor life magazine for 25 years and he says that hydrostatic shock is important for a more immediate disabling effect.

There is still some opposition but it looks like the recent research is leaning more towards it being a good factor. The article isn't all that long.

Comments?

In addition, without having to start another thread and because it sort of fits here, what do you think about the .357 SIG cartridge? I know it's expensive but other than that?
First bolded: I've not known any police dept or any officer from numerous dept's and officers I've trained ever mention the loads they are carrying had anything to do with consideration for Hydrostatic shock. Could be a few depts may have looked at this, but it's certainly not nationwide from what I've heard [ or more appropriately, not heard ].

Second bolded: Outdoor life? They weren't discussing SD pistol calibers, that mag was about hunting and fishing.

Third bolded: From the article-------
Frank Chamberlin, a World War II trauma surgeon and ballistics researcher, also noted remote pressure wave effects.

He didn't see many pistol wounds in WW2, he saw rifle wounds, few people were shot with pistols by the enemy for him to be taken for seeing anything but rifle wounds.

In “The search for an effective police handgun,” Allen Bristow describes that police departments recognize the importance of hydrostatic shock [ HS ] when choosing ammunition


I'd like to see his sources for that statement, the people who choose pistol bullets for a dept. are unlikely to be considering HS and normally the majority have chosen what they believe to be the best compromise of bullet effectiveness and cost combined.

Fackler, also a field trauma surgeon in wartime, with lots of experience in this subject, dismisses the HS affect based on his experience. We do know that someone can fall down and die from a non fatal wound and others can be shot multiple times with little to no affect.

If I had to pick one of these theories as gospel, I’d still go along with the Hydraulic Reaction of the Body Fluids plus the reactions on the Central Nervous System.

– Col. Frank Chamberlin, M.D.


As he would have seen few handgun wounds on his table in ww2, it's probably safe to assume he believes because high velocity rifle rounds produce a HS pressure curve to surrounding tissues, that pistol bullets would do the same thing [ and they won't as they aren't traveling fast enough, at least not that they leave a permanent stretch cavity and tissue damage ].
As well, when the feds looked at HS affects based on autopsies and the data available, they found no indication pistol rounds produce HS great enough to affect an outcome. It would be hard to imagine that pistol bullets all of a sudden are producing enough HS to affect change in the body great enough to help with a stop when they haven't in the past. They aren't traveling any faster
or are any heavier today than then.

If someone wants to proffer the idea the brain suffers HS damage when an extremity is hit, I have to ask that person how ME's have never reported this phenom during their autopsies, many of which are very thoroughly explored physically. Hmm, not one ME has ever been quoted as seeing this type of HS damage in the brain or thorasic area in decades of doing GSW autopsies. If the ME's saw it often enough, there'd likely be some data from their professional org in papers written about their findings.

I'll stick with the heavy for caliber bullets at nominal speeds and not be picking any load for it's potential HS value unless there's more real research data and they can explain how they discovered something never reported on anywhere I've seen by ME's anywhere, let alone other trauma surgeons with a lifetime of living and dying patients from GSW's. :thumsup

As to the 357Sig cartridge, I own a 22 with the 357sig barrel in it. After reading all of the available data about it's capabilities of penetration and expansion vs other calibers, I decided against carrying it. It doesn't produce deeper wounds, it doesn't expand any more than other pistol rounds and come with the price of a lot more recoil than I need to be dealing with one handed in a running gun battle. Nice cartridge, I think it would be good for hunting in the heavier bullets from semi-autos but it doesn't appear to do anything other calibers can't do.
 

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I have a picture of someone wounded with a .223 at extremely close range.

The bullet entered and exited the thigh. The bullet did not hit the bone, but the bone was cracked all the way through in several places.

Handguns obviously do not have the same wounding capacity as high powered rifles. A .308 has the same energy at 1,000 yards that a .357 has at point blank range.
Hydrostatic shock does exist and can cause remote damage to organs. The extent depends on caliber and vicinity to the organ.
 

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I have a picture of someone wounded with a .223 at extremely close range.

The bullet entered and exited the thigh. The bullet did not hit the bone, but the bone was cracked all the way through in several places.

Handguns obviously do not have the same wounding capacity as high powered rifles. A .308 has the same energy at 1,000 yards that a .357 has at point blank range.
Hydrostatic shock does exist and can cause remote damage to organs. The extent depends on caliber and vicinity to the organ.
You might want to revise that bolded statement. A .223 is a .22 caliber bullet, but it creates a hell of a lot more HS than a .22 rimfire from a pistol. You could shoot a .30 caliber handgun round and not get the same HS as a .30 cal rifle round. Therefore, it's not caliber specific, it's more velocity specific. :thumsup
 
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